2015年3月30日 星期一

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2015年3月9日 星期一

brown color

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the color. For other uses, see Brown (disambiguation).
BrownHow to read this color infobox
Color icon brown v2.svg
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet#964B00
sRGBB  (r, g, b)(150, 75, 0)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(0, 50, 100, 41)
HSV       (h, s, v)(30°, 100%, 59%)
Source[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Some shades of Brown
Brown (X11) 
Pale Brown 
Medium Brown 
Dark Brown 
Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil.[1] It is a composite color; in printing or painting, it is made by combiningred, black and yellow,[2][3] or red, yellow and blue.[4] In the RGB color model used to make colors on television screens and computer monitors, it is made by combining red and green, in specific proportions. The color is seen widely in nature, in wood, soil, and human hair color, eye color and skin pigmentation. In Europe and the United States, it is the color most often associated with plainness, humility, the rustic, and poverty. It is also, according to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, the least favorite color of the public.[5]


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red color

This article is about the color. For other uses, see Red (disambiguation).
RedHow to read this color infobox
Color icon red.svg
Spectral coordinates
Wavelength~620–740[1][2] nm
Frequency~480–400 THz
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet#FF0000
sRGBB  (r, g, b)(255, 0, 0)
SourceX11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet.[3] It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 620–740 nm. Red is one of the additive primary colors of light, along with green and blue, which in RGB color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. It is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.
Reds can vary in shade from very light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy; and in hue from the bright orange-redscarlet or vermilion to the bluish-red crimson.
Red was widely used in prehistoric cave art, made with red hematite or iron oxide, or red ochre. Early civilizations in China, the Middle East and Europe made red dyes from the madder plant or from the a tiny insect called the kermes vermilio, Civilizations in the Americas made brilliant reds from another scale insect, the cochineal, Ancient Chinese artists during the Han Dynasty used dye from the madder plant to color silk and pigments from lead oxide to color pottery.
In ancient Rome red symbolized blood and courage; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and generals wore a scarlet cloak, and had their bodies painted completely in red during ceremonial triumphs. It also sometimes represented sin; the Book of Revelation described the ‘’scarlet whore of Babylon.” In the Middle Ages, red was the color of majesty; it was the color of the banners of the Byzantine Empire, and the Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red and wore red shoes as symbol of his authority. In Christianity it represented the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs; in 1295 it became the color worn by Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. Merchants and ordinary people wore clothing dyed with madder at celebrations. Nobles and merchants wore the more intense red made with Kermes. In the 16th century, Spanish merchants began to import cochineal into Europe, which made an even more brilliant red; it became the fashion color of the aristocracy.
Red also played an important role in the culture of Imperial China. In Chinese philosophy, red represented fire, one of the five elements, During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red was considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings. The gates of imperial palaces were usually painted red. Chinese artisans used the mineral cinnebar to produce the famous vermilion or “Chinese red” color of Chineselacquerware.[4]
During the French Revolution, some of the revolutionaries began to wear a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome, and to carry red flags. In the mid-19th century, red became the color of a new political and social movement, socialism. It became the color of the worker's movement, of the French Revolution of 1848, of the Paris Commune in 1870, and of socialist parties across Europe.
In 1826 the organic compound alizarin, the coloring ingredient of madder, was discovered and in 1848 it was synthesized; it was cheaper and made a more lasting color, and quickly replaced natural vegetable dyes. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the German chemical industry invented two new synthetic red pigments:cadmium red, which was the color of natural vermilion, and Mars red, which was a synthetic red ochre. 19th century artists adopted the color alizarin crimson. In the 19th century artists also began to use red to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature; Vincent Van Gogh wrote in 1888, “I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions.” [5]
In the 20th century, red was the color of Revolution; it was the color of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and of the Chinese Revolution of 1949, and later of theCultural Revolution. Red was the color of Communist Parties from Eastern Europe to Cuba to Vietnam.
In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, where it is released to provide energy to power the functions of the body. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called Anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced.[6] One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.
Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger and courage. Modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China and many other Asian countries it is the color of happiness.[7]
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blue color

This article is about the colour. For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation).
BlueHow to read this color infobox
Color icon blue.svg
Spectral coordinates
Wavelength450–495 nm
Frequency~670–610 THz
About these coordinates    Colour coordinates
Hex triplet#0000FF
sRGBB  (r, g, b)(0, 0, 255)
HSV       (h, s, v)(240°, 100%, 100%)
SourceHTML/CSS[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres. Blues with a higher frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency and a longer wavelength gradually appear more green. Pure blue, in the middle, has a wavelength of 470 nanometres. In painting and traditional colour theory, blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments, along with red and yellow, which can be mixed to form a widegamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green. Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB color model, used to create all the colors on the screen of a television or computer monitor.
The modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from the Old French bleu, a word ofGermanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao.[2] The clear sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the blue wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and more blue comes to our eyes. Rayleigh scattering also explains blue eyes; there is no blue pigment in blue eyes. Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective.
Blue has been used for art, decoration and as a clothing dye since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli, coming from mines in Afghanistan, was used in ancient Egypt for jewelry and ornament and later, in the Renaissance, to make the pigment ultramarine, the most expensive of all pigments. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals. Beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artist used cobalt to make fineblue and white porcelain. Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia and Africa. In 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed, and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes. Pierre-August Renoir, Vincent Van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature, but to create moods and emotions. In the late 18th century and 19th century, blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms. In the 20th century, because blue was commonly associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations and the European Union. Toward the end of the 20th century, dark blue replaced black and gray as the most common colour for business suits, because it was seen as serious without being grim.
Surveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony, faithfulness, confidence, distance, infinity, the imagination, cold, and sometimes with sadness.[3] In US and European public opinion polls it is overwhelmingly the most popular colour, chosen by almost half of both men and 
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yellow color

This article is about the color. For other uses, see Yellow (disambiguation).
YellowHow to read this color infobox
Color icon yellow.svg
Spectral coordinates
Wavelength570–590 nm
Frequency525–505 THz
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet#FFFF00
sRGBB  (r, g, b)(255, 255, 0)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(0, 0, 100, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)(60°, 100%, 100%)
SourceHTML/CSS[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Yellow /ˈjɛloʊ/ is the color of gold, butter, and ripe lemons.[2] In the spectrum of visible light, and in the traditional color wheel used by painters, yellow is found between green and orange. It is a primary color in subtractive color.
Yellow is commonly associated with gold, wealth, sunshine, reason, happiness, optimism and pleasure, but also with envy, jealousy and betrayal. The color yellow is often known as a color with energy. It plays an important role in Asian culture, particularly in China.[3]


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